A systematic literature review of biocarriers: Central elements for biofilm formation, organic and nutrients removal in sequencing batch biofilm reactor

Over the past decades, several materials utilized as biocarriers for immobilization of microorganisms have been gaining popularity showing different degrees effectiveness. However, information concerning their effects on sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBR) performance is still lacking. There currently no single widely acceptable material documented proper formation, most cannot achieve satisfactory level. Problems biocarrier also exists due to emergence newer and more complex pollutants. Therefore, resource-efficient environmentally friendly are a call hour. This article thus, presents systematic literature review existing research articles various advances made between 2005 2021 about physical properties, performances with specific focus contributions in nutrients organic matter removal. establish role central elements formation. The further described operational challenges, mass transfer considerations, recommendations during successful utilization SBBR systems. Future areas that may ultimately lead large-scale commercial application this will result sustainable solution problems created wastewater treatment identified. paper suggests future researchers investigate efficiency composite biocarriers. It believed contained increase readers fundamental knowledge, guide be incorporated into works experimentally-based studies